Learning English, Literature, Linguistics: 09/01/2018 - 10/01/2018

Tuesday, 11 September 2018

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
The IPA is a system of representing the phonetic sounds with symbols. It represents the letters in a word as a sound. It provides a learner with pronouncing words correctly. For example, apple:  /ˈæp.əl/ = /a/, /æ/. “The IPA is a system of symbols for showing how words are pronounced.” (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/showing).
Some special symbols to recognize the systems of pronunciation:
i. ‘ / ’: The start and end of the transcription. For example, apple: /ˈæp.əl/.
ii.ʹ : The stressed syllable of a word. For example, prefer: /prɪˈfɜːr/.
iii.   ̣ : The start of a new syllable. For example, football: /ˈfʊt.bɔːl/ .
iv.t̬ ’: ‘ t ‘  is pronounced unlike ‘ d’ (only in American English). For example, little: /ˈlɪt̬.əl/.
Long Vowels in IPA(5)
i. ‘i::  see, tree. (/siː/, /triː/)
ii. ‘u:’: too, food. (/tuː/, /fuːd/)  
iii. ɑ:’: father, mother. (/ˈfɑː.ðər/, /ˈmʌð.ər/ )
iv. ‘ɔ:’:  or, four. (/ɔːr/, /fɔːr/)
v.ɜ:’: birthday, prefer. (/ˈbɜːθ.deɪ/, /prɪˈfɜːr/ )
vi. ɜ: ʳ’: ‘ʳ, it is not actually a r it indicates that we pronounce the ʳ sound if the next word starts with a vowel. For example, I prefer (‘ʳ, silence) apple and I prefer (‘ʳ, pronounced) pineapple.

Note: This rule (vi) is only applicable in BrE.  (British English)
Khaled Saifulla
University of Freiburg,Germany
English Language and Linguistics
Email: khaleds6@yahoo.com




Saturday, 8 September 2018

A Review On Salome (Oscar Wilde)


          A Review on
          Salome (Oscar Wilde)     
          University of Freiburg 
           Seminar, Freiburg, Germany
           Khaled Saifulla

Onstage, Narraboth, the captain of the guard, the Page of Herodias and some other soldiers gathering at the balcony, watch the moonlit sky. At the offstage, Salome, the princess, sits at the dinner table with her mother Herodias and her stepfather, King Herod Antipas. Narraboth is secretly in deep love with Salome, looking at her, praises her beauty. The Page of Herodias warns Narraboth to stop staring too much at the princess saying, “look at her too much ... Something terrible might happen" (Salome 1893, p. 3) but the Young Syrian ignores his warning. Meanwhile, the voice of the prophet Jokanaan, (John the Baptist), is heard from a nearby cistern where he is imprisoned by the king.
From the banquet, Salome comes out for a fresh air and hears Jokannan’s voice. A servant entering to the stage, tells Salome to go back to the feast and the Young Syrian tells her too to return to banquet but she ignores to join again. Hearing the prophecies of the prophet, she is curious to see and speak to him. Soldiers refusing her request, tell her that she is forbidden by Herod to see Jokanaan. Salome convinces Narraboth to bring Jokanaan to see him. Narraboth orders one of the soldiers to bring the prophet from the cistern. After few moments, the prisoner emerges from the cistern to the stage with a ladder. When the prophet arrives, Salome tries several times to go towards to him but every time he refuses to look at him let alone a kiss and tells her, “…… get thee to the desert, and seek out the Son of Man”. (Salome 1893, p. 11). Salome continually tries to touch his skin, hair and asks him to kiss saying, “I will kiss thy mouth, Iokanaan” (Salome 1893, p. 11).
The Young Syrian seeing Salome’s behavior, stabs himself and falls between her and Jokanaan. Jokanaan curses her and goes back to the cistern. When the prisoner disappears, being fascinated by his looks and voice keeps desire for his body and throws some flowers into the cistern.
The Page of Herodias mourns for the suicide of his friend, Narraboth and two soldiers rush to the dead body and try to hide it. Meanwhile, Herod and Herodias, accompanied with his guests, entering the stage to look for his stepdaughter, he slips in the blood on the floor and he recognizes it as a bad omen. The soldiers tell him that Narraboth has killed himself. Herod looking at Salome, offers her some fruits and wine saying, “I love to see in a fruit the mark of thy little teeth.” (Salome 1893, p. 16) but she tells him that she is not hungry. He accuses of her disobedience to Herodias but she tells him that her daughter is right complaining rather against him saying, “Why are you always gazing at her?” (Salome 1893, p. 15).
The voice of the Jokanaan is heard again from the cistern in which he insults Herodias. Herodias being in rage with him, asks Herod to hand him over to the Jews but he does not agree with her. He tells her that he is a holy man who has seen God and he even has not specifically mentioned her name in his voice. After having some arguments between Herod and Herodias about the King’s attention to Salome, Herod diverts him from the subject and asks Salome to dance for him. Firstly, she refuses to dance for him. When he promises to give her anything in return, she agrees to dance for him. She performs the Dance of the Seven Veils.
The delighted King asks her about her reward for dancing. Salome tells the King that she wants the head of Jokanaan on a silver charger. Herod is horrified to hear Salome’s demand. He offers her some other gifts including his fifty white peacocks with feet of gilded gold, but she keeps insisting on her demand.
Herodias suddenly taking the death ring from Herod’s hand, gives it to a soldier who gives it to the executioner to bring the head of Jokanaan. When he returns with the head of Jokanaan on the silver charger, Salome grabs it and starts kissing with the head of Jokanaan saying, “I have kissed thy mouth, Iokanaan”. (Salome 1893, p.32). Herod is enraged at Salome’s behavior and orders the soldiers to kill her saying, “Kill that woman!” (Salome 1893, p.32) and with his order the soldiers rush forward and kill her.