Use of Linking Words/Linkers
1. But/Yet/Still: A_©-wKšÍy /Z_vwc/ZeyI| But/Yet/Still mvavibZ : wecixZ ev wfbœ RvZxq A_© cÖKvk cvq Ggb `ywU Clause †K hy³ K‡i | He is rich but/yet/still (he is) unhappy.
2. While/During :A_©-hLb †Kvb GKwU NUbv mgq Av‡iKwU NUbv NUwQj A_ev †Kvb Awbw`©ó mgq e¨vcx wKQy PjwQj GiKg eyS‡Z While/During e¨eüZ nq| While mvaviYZ GKwU Clause Gi c~‡e© e‡m Avi During mvavibZ Noun Phrase- Gi c~‡e© e‡m| Noun Phrase wU mvaiYZ mg‡qi e¨vwß cÖKvk K‡i| The accident took place during night. Shall I have a coffee while we are waiting ?
3. But for : hw` bv/bv Ki‡j/bv n‡j A‡_© But for e¨envi Kiv nq| But for your help, I would have failed to do the work.
4. If :A_©-hw`| Conditional Clause Gi Av‡M if e‡m `yBwU Clause ‡K hy³ K‡i| If ev‡K¨i ïi“‡Z wKsev `ywU clause Gi gv‡S e¨envi Kiv nq| If You read more, your will pass. I shall help him if he feels necessary.
5. WH-words as linking words :
Ø Who Øviv e¨w³evPK A_© cÖKvk K‡i Ggb `ywU Subject wKsev Object ‡K hy³ Kiv nq| I know the man who came here. The man who came here yesterday is my brother.
Ø Which/What e¯‘yevPK, Where ¯’vbevPK When mgqevPK, Ges How fveevPK clause Gi Av‡M e‡m sentence MVb K‡i| This is the book Which is written by Shelley. I know what he thinks. I know where he lives. He wanted to know when we shall go there He asked me how he would read that book.
6. So : djvdj ev ZvB eySv‡Z so e¨eüZ nq | So the importance of learning English in our country can not be ignored.
7. And : mgRvZxq ev GKB iKg K_v eySv‡Z and e¨eüZ nq| Avi `ywU clause Gi g‡a¨ e¨eüZ n‡j and mg‡kªYxi clause ‡K hy³ K‡i| R. and K. go there. He came into the room and sat down.
8. Till (hZ¶Y) : †h ch©šÍ ev hZ¶Y A_© eyS‡Z till Øviv `ywU clause ‡Z hy³ Kiv nq| Wait here till he dose not come back.
9. Until (hZ¶Y bv) : hZ¶Y ev †h ch©šÍ bv A‡_© until Øviv `ywU clause hy³ Kiv nq| Read until you go to college.
10.In order to (D‡Ï‡k¨) : †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ ev j‡¶¨ wKQy Kiv n‡j †m‡¶‡Î KZ©vi j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb k㸇”Qi Av‡M in order to e‡m| ïi“‡Z em‡j :
Ø Structure : In order to+ V.Gi Present F. + other words + clause. gv‡S em‡j :
Ø Structure : Clause + in order to + V. Gi Present F.+ other words.
In order to learn English we have to practise the four skills. He studies hard in order to obtain a good result.
11. Though/Although : GKwU K_vi gva¨‡g Aci GKwU K_vi ¸i“Z¡ eySv‡Z ev `ywU wecixZagx© A_©hy³ Clause Gi g‡a¨ link ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Though/Although e¨eüZ nq| Though/Although ev‡K¨i ïi“‡Z wKsev `ywU clause Gi gv‡S e¨eüZ nq| Though he is rich he is miser. He is poor though he is a leader/Chairman.
12. As if/As though : A_©-†hb| †hb A‡_© complex sentence-এ unreal ev Aev¯Íe NUbv eY©bv Ki‡Z as if/as though e¨eüZ nq| He talks as if he were the owner of the marker. He speaks as though he owned the car.
13. So long (‡h‡nZz/hZ¶Y) : †h‡nZz ev hZ¶Y A‡_© so long Øviv `ywU clause hy³ Kiv nq| God will bless us so long our purpose in honest.
14. Whatever : hv B”Qv eyS‡Z `yB clause-Gi gv‡S e‡m| Let him do whatever he likes.
15. Or : A_©-A_ev, bZzev ev bB‡j| wecixZag©x A_© eySvq Giƒc `ywU clause hy³ Kivi †¶‡Î or e¨eüZ nq| Study hard or (otherwise) you will fail.
Ø N.B Or (A_ev) : `ywU kã‡K hy³ Ki‡Z or e¨envi Kiv hvq| ZLb or Øviv A_©MZfv‡e `ywU k‡ãi †h †Kvb GKwU‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq| K.or R. will come.
16. Whether (wKbv) : †Kvb AwbwðZ fvব cÖKvkK clause Gi c~‡e© whether e‡m| NU‡e, n‡e, Avm‡e wKbv GiKg A‡_© whether e¨envi Kiv nq| I don’t know whether he came. K. doesn’t know whether R. will obtain A+
17. For (KviY,†Kbbv, e‡j, †h‡nZz) : KviY A‡_© for e¨envi Kiv hvq| For KviY hy³ evK¨vs‡ki Av‡M e‡m| HE could not buy the house, for he had no money. Nobody likes him for he is dishonest.
18. Not only ..........but also :A_©-ïay ZvB bq.......eis| G¸wji Øviv mgRvZxq `ywU word ev clause ‡K hy³ Kiv nq| Not only R. but also K. went there. He is not only intelligent but also industrious.
19. Together with/Along with : A_©-†mB m‡½, Zrmহ, GKm‡½ | mgRvZxq `ywU word ev clause ‡K hy³ K‡i evsjvq ÔÔGesÕÕ, ÔÔIÕÕ A‡_© together with/along with/with/as well as e¨eüZ nq।& G‡`i Øviv hLb `ywU Subject hy³ nq ZLb cÖ_g Subject Gi N.I P.Abyhvqx V. wba©vwiZ nq| R. along with his brothers has done this, K. as well as his sisters has come.
20. Both .........and : Both ...........and Øviv `ywU mgRvZxq word ev clause ‡K hy³ Kiv nq| He ate both rice and bread. He is both honest and kind.
21. Because : A_©-KviY| KviY A‡_© because e¨envi Kiv nq| KviY wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb clause এর Av‡M because e‡m| Because me©`v `ywU clause Gi gv‡S e‡m| He could not come to class because he was ill.
22. Than : A_©-†_‡K, †P‡q, Zzjbvq| `yRb e¨w³ ev `ywU e¯Íi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, cwigvY Z_v adjective Gi Zzjbvq than e¨envi Kiv nq| Than Comparative Degree Gi c‡i e‡m| ZvQvov than mvaviYZ `ywU kã ev k㸇”Qi g‡a¨ link ¯’vcb K‡i| R. is taller than K.
23. Since : ‡h‡nZz/KviY| †h‡nZz ev KviY A‡_© since e¨envi Kiv hvq| since `ywU clause Gi gv‡SI n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi ïi“‡ZI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e since KviYhy³ clause Gi cÖ_‡g e‡m| since the water was very hot, we could not drink it. He could not attend the class since he was ill.
Ø Since : ‡_‡K | Since ÔÔ‡_‡KÕÕ A‡_© e¨envi Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î mgq‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq| It is ten years since he visited the zoo.
Ø Since : Avevi †Kvb wbw`©ó mgq evPK kã ev kã ¸”Q‡K hy³ K‡i| G‡¶‡Î Since mgq evPK kã ev k㸇”Qi Av‡M e‡m| It has been raining since morning.
24. Unless : A_©-hw` bv| hw` bv A‡_© `ywU clause ‡K hy³ Kivi mgq Unless e¨eüZ nq Unless KviY wb‡`©kKvix clause Gi Av‡M e‡m| Unless ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g ev `ywU clause Gi gv‡SI em‡Z cv‡i| Unless you study hard, you will fail. Do not go the next day unless I return.
25. Such + Adjective + other word + as +N./p. (N.P) + other words. Such a kind man as Selim is rarely found.
26. Either ...........or, Neither...........nor : A_©- ÔÔGwUÕÕ ev ÔÔIwUÕÕ, ÔÔGwUI bqÕÕ--- ÔÔIwUI bq| `ywUi GKwU‡K eySv‡Z either...........or Ges `ywUi GKwUI bv Giƒc A‡_© ÔÔNeither.......nor’’ Conjunction wnmv‡e `ywU Subject ev word †K mshy³ Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| ZvQvov Either/Neither Gi ci N. _vK‡j or/nor Gi ciI N. n‡e|
Either R.or K. has done this. Neither K. nor K’s (his) brothers have done this.
27. As soon as, No sooner........than/Hardly had ..........when/ before/ Scarcely had .......when : †h‡Z bv †h‡Z, †cŠQ‡Z bv †cŠQ‡Z, Ki‡Z bv Ki‡Z, n‡Z bv n‡Z etc. As soon as /No Sooner/Hardly/Scarcely + had..........than/when/ before e¨eüZ nq| ZvQvov †Kvb ev‡K¨i `ywU clause -B hw` P.I.T. nq, Z‡e as.......soon as Øviv hy³ Kiv nq| As Soon as the decoit saw the RAB, he ran away. No sooner had they reached the station than the train left.
28. That : D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡Z that e¨envi Kiv nq| That Gi c‡ii clause wU ÔÔ Subject + can/could/may/might + V. Present form + ObjectÕÕ _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î that Gi cwie‡Z© so that /in order that I e¨envi Kiv hvq| ZvQvov `ywU ¯^vfvweK K_v‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ that e¨eüZ nq| He studies hard that he can obtain A+. I know that he will come in a month.
29. As : as wZbwU A‡_© e¨eüZ nq|
(i) রুপে/হিসেবে : He attended the programme as the chief guest.
(ii) KviY/†h‡nZz : Sentence-G KviY wb‡`k© K‡i Ggb clause Gi Av‡M e‡m| As ev‡K¨i ïi“‡Z ev `ywU clause Gi gv‡S e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| As he is wise, he will understand it. He could not come as he was ill.
(iii) hw`I : As hw`I A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î clause wU adjective + as + NP (N/P) + V. AvKv‡i nh| Wise as he is, he will not understand it.
30. As...........as/So..............as : mgRvZxq e¨w³ ev e¯Íi Zzjbvq as ..............as /so..........as e¨eüZ nq| G‡¶‡Î Structure wU nqÕÕ...... as/so+ adjective /adverb + as + ........’’
Ø N.B Affirmative A‡_© As ........as Ges Negative A‡_© So......as e¨eüZ nq|
Ø Such (GZ/Ggb) ..........as (†hgb) A‡_© e¨envi Kiv hvq| K. is as beautiful as R. He is not so tall as I. I have never seen such a man as kamal. The particles are so small as to be almost invisible
31. Before/after : `ywU NUbvi weeiY w`‡Z †hLv‡b GKwU AciwUi Av‡M ev c‡i msNwUZ nq eySvq Ggb †¶‡Î before/after nq| G‡¶‡Î Structure n‡e wZbwU|
(i) Before/after + clause. He had reached the station before the train left. He reached the station after the train had left.
(ii)Before/after+ V. Gi Present form+ ing +other words. I shall go to bed after taking my dinner. I will not go to bed before finishing my lesson.
(iii) Before/after + Possessive + N.+ other words. You could not meet her after her/his departure.
32.In case : ‡Kvb wKQ~ nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q ej‡Z in case e¨eüZ nq| Take an umbrella, in case it rains.
32.Thus : c×wZ ev method eySv‡bvi Rb¨ thus e¨eüZ nq| He discovered a pen thus he succeeded.
34. Even though : ‡Kvb ‰emv`„‡k¨i Dci †Rvর w`‡Z even though e¨envi Kiv nq| I have to go to College today, even though it is raining hard.
35. In spite of/despite : ÔÔ‡Kvb wKQy m‡Ë¡IÕÕ eySv‡Z In spite of/despite e¨eüZ nq| In spite of/despite bad weather, we went out.
36. D`vnib cÖ`vb Ki‡Z wbgœwjwLZ word ev phrase linkers wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| for example (e.g), in other words, such as, for instance, that is, (i.e), namely, like, His/crazy activities were crossing all limits, in other words, he was almost mad.
37.AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z †h mg¯Í Word ev Phrase linkers wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq †m¸wj wbgœiƒc :- in addition to, furthermore, moreover, whatsmore, besides, by the way, by the by (usually in informal letters). They know the signature of a forgery. Moreover, they know who did it.
38. wbgœ wjwLZ word ev phrase ¸wj ˆemv`„k¨g~jK Zzjbv eySv‡Z linkers wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| On the contrary, instead, in contrast, on the other hand, rather. He does not study at all. In stead/On the contrary he kills his time.
39. mv`„k¨g~jK Zzjbv eySv‡Z wb‡Pi word ev Phrase linkers wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| More, most, Less, Least, in the same way, similarly, as, in a similar manner. Many used to listen to records most of the time Sally was more hard working student (than many was).
40. NUbvi µg ev avivevwnKZv eySv‡Z wb‡Pi word/phrase linkers wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| First, firstly, at first, in the first places, at the beginning, in the beginning, second, secondly, third, thirdly, fourth, fourthly, fifthly, in between, in the middle of, in the end, at the end, lastly, at last, finally, to sum up, in conclusion, to conclude, next, afterwards, after that, then, I will be very busy today. At first I have to go to the bank to draw some money. Then I will pay the college fees. After that I need to go to the market to buy some apples.
41. AcÖZ¨vwkZ ev Avðvh©g~jK †Kvb wKQy wb‡`©k Ki‡Z wb‡Pi word/phrase ¸wj linkers wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| anyhow, anyway, else, however, in any case, after all, all the same. He has been in office for only a few months, He has, however, achieved more than any of his predecessors.
42. ‡Kvb Unit-Gi Dcmsnvi Gi mvims‡¶c cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi phrase ¸wj linkers wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| in brief, in all, to sum up, to summarise, in short, on the whole. Each chapter is supported by a well selected bibliography. In all, this is an interesting and clearly written text book that should prove extremely useful to geography teachers.
43. wPšÍv-fvebvi GK ch©vq †_‡K Ab¨ ch©v‡q DËi‡bi Rb¨ wb‡Pi phrase ¸wj linkers wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| with reference to, with respect to, with regard to, incidentally, by the way, let us now turn to ........., regarding ........talking/speaking of.........., as for, now connector. The airlines charge half-price for students. Incidentally, I have already bought my ticket to New York.
44. mvaviYZ: apposition wb‡`©kK word/expression Ges G¸wj c~‡e©i evK¨¸‡jv‡K D‡jL Kivi Rb¨ Ges G‡`i m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kivi R‡b¨ wb‡Pi word/phrase ¸wj e¨eüZ nq|
That is to say, namely, viz, to wit, in other words, as follows, for example/instance, e.g. say, including, included, such as, especially, particularly, in particular, notably, chiefly, mainly, mostly. It is important that young children should see things and not merely read about them. For example, it is a valuable educational experience to take them on a trip to a farm. The passenger plane of the 1980. namely the supersonic jet, will transform relations between people of the world.
45. ¯’vb wb‡`©k Ki‡Z here, there, where etc. linkers wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| All my friends have been to Japan at least once I am going there next summer for the first time.
46. c~‡&e© hv ejv n‡q‡Q/Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi djkÖ“wZ‡Z hv `vuwo‡q‡Q Zv cÖKvk Ki‡Z wb‡Pi word/phrase linkers wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| hence, consequently, therefore, so, as a result. They refused to pay the higher rent when an increase was announced. As a result, they were evicted from their house.
47. Whereas : ‡Kvb wKQ~i g‡a¨ Zzjbv m~Pbv Ki‡Z whereas e¨üZ nq | Japan is self-sufficient in food, Whereas Bangladesh is not.
48. According as/as..........so : ‡hfv‡e G KvRwU NUj wVK Abyiƒcfv‡e (ixwZ‡Z) H KvRwU NU‡e ev N‡UwQj G ai‡bi A_© cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ G¸wj e¨üZ nq| He will be paid according as he will work. As he will work so will he be paid. As you sow will you reap. (A_© GKB) |
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