Know about Clause

                                                    Know about Clause

·       Definition : A group of words which forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and a Predicate is called a clause or A clause is a past of a sentence and has a subject and a verb of its own .(clause nj ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask hvi GKwU subject I GKwU verb i‡q‡Q)|‡h kã mgwó‡Z  (group of words) GKwU F.V. I GKwU  sub. Ges hv e„nËi  sentence Gi Ask wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K clause e‡j| I saw a boy who was playing football.

·       Characteristic of clause : (i) GKwU subject _vK‡e|  (ii) GKwU verb _vK‡e Ges (iii) GKwU ev‡K¨i Ask wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡e|

·       Kinds of clause : According to the structure clause are of three kinds: (i) Principal clause or Independent. (ii) Subordinate clause or dependent (iii) Coordinate clause. 

(1)            Principal clause : ‡h clause G GKwU subject, GKwU  finite verb _v‡K Ges g~j sentence ‡_‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv n‡j I ¯^vaxbfv‡e A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K Principal clause e‡j| As. Everybody likes him because he is very simple.

(2)               Subordinate clause : ‡h clause G GKwU  subject Ges GKwU finite verb _v‡K  wKš‘  Principal clause Gi Dci wbf©ikxj bv n‡q m¤ú~Y A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ibv Zv‡K subordinate clause e‡j| As: Rahim comes to me when he has time subordinate clause mvaviYZ wbgœwjwLZ Word ¸‡jv w`‡q ïi“ nq| who, when, how, where, which, if, as, that, why, so that, in order, that, whom, handly, scarcely, beauty, no sooner, etc.

(3)                Coordinate clause : hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK GKBRvZxq (mg‡kªYxi) clause ‡Kvb Co-ordinating conjunction Øviv hy³ nh, hLb Zv‡`i‡K  Coordinate clause e‡j| As: I sent him a letter and he replied. He came and he saw everything.

·       Clause are of three kinds according to the action: (i) Noun clause (ii) Adjective clause (iii) Adverb clause.

(i)                          Noun clause : ‡h clause ‡Kvb sentence G Noun Gi gZ KvR K‡i Zv‡K  Noun clause e‡j| Noun clause wZb cÖKvi: (i) conjunction- that (cÖKvwkZ ev Dn¨ expressed/Understood) Øviv (ii) Interrogative pronoun-what, who, Øviv (iii) Interrogative adverb – how, where, whey, if etc, Øviv| He says that he went there. I could not come to clollege because  I was ill.

·       Position of noun clause in sentence:

(a)             Verb Gi  sub i“‡c : That he stole the pen (it) is clear. Structure : Noun clause +be verb+ left part (Principal clause.

(b)            Verb Gi object i“‡c : He flies a kite, I know that he is a good boy. structure : principal clause +noun clause as object.

(c)             A complement to on object (object Gi complement i“‡c) : I told him what he wanted to know. structure : sub +v.+obj.+noun clause as c. to obj.

(d)            A complement to as sub. (v. Gi subj. Gi c. i“‡c) : The truth is that he was very shy thinid. This is what he said. where I live.

(e)             Preposition Gi obj. i“‡c : structure : normally : Principal clause +prep. +noun clause as object to preposition. The development of our country depends on how our people work. He has come from where I worked.

              Noun ev  if,pronoun  Gi apposition  i“‡c :

     (In appo.to an. or the pronoun) structure : sub.+v.+noun+noun clause as apposition. There is a rumoun that he has left the country.

(1)            Adjective clause : ‡h mKj clause ev‡K¨ adjective Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡`i‡K  adjective clause e‡j|I bought a pen which was black The boy who came here is mother antecedent.

(2)            Adverbial clause : ‡h mKj clause ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡q adverb Gi KvR KvR K‡i Zv‡`i‡K  adverbial ev adverb clause e‡j| I met rahim when I was at college. I shall go where you live. He was absent as he was ill. You can travel however you like.

·       Note : Adverbial clause of lime, place, reason, manner, condition, degree/companies , result, purpose, concession.

·       Antecedent: Relative pronoun c~‡e© D‡j­wLZ †h noun ev pronoun ‡K wb‡`k© K‡i Zv‡K  antecedent e‡j| (ante= c~‡e©; cedent- Mgb Ki‡Z‡Q)

·       Subjective complement : ‡Kvb sentence Gi subject Gi m¤ú~Y© A_© cÖKvk Kivi Rbª †h AwZwi³ kã ev kã mgwó †hvM Kiv nq Zv‡K subjective complement e‡j| The boy is good. I told him what he wanted to know.

·       Objective complement : ‡Kvb sentence Gi object Gi A_© m¤ú~Y© cÖKvk Kivi Rb ¨ †h AwZwi³ kã ev kã mgwó †hvM Kiv nq Zv‡K objective complement e‡j| I found him tired.

·       Nominative in  apposition : Apposition  hLb  subject Gi cwiPq Zz‡j a‡i ZLb Zv‡K  Nominative in apposition e‡j| My uncle, karim, went There. We invited them Rahim, Karim and him.